Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 梁

Modern (Beijing) reading: liáng

Preclassic Old Chinese: raŋ

Classic Old Chinese: raŋ

Western Han Chinese: raŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: reŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: leŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: leŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: leŋ

Middle Chinese: laŋ

English meaning : beam, pole; bridge, dam weir

Russian meaning[s]: 1) мост; перила; 2) стропила; балка, перекладина; 3) выгиб, выступ, выступающая часть; 4) запруда для ловли рыбы; 5) Лян (название княжества); 6) Лян (династия 502 - 556 гг.); 7) Лян (фамилия)

Comments: For *r- cf. Min forms: Xiamen niu², Chaozhou nio², Fuzhou lioŋ².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5238

Karlgren code: 0738 a

Shijing occurrences: 35.3

Character: 梯

Modern (Beijing) reading: tī

Preclassic Old Chinese: ƛ(h)ǝ̄j

Classic Old Chinese: ƛ(h)ǝ̄j

Western Han Chinese: l̥ǝ̄j (~ ƛh-)

Eastern Han Chinese: l̥ǝ̄j

Early Postclassic Chinese: thǝ̄j

Middle Postclassic Chinese: thǝ̄j

Late Postclassic Chinese: thǝ̄j

Middle Chinese: thiej

English meaning : wooden steps, staircase [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) лестница; ступени; подниматься, восходить; 2) перен. опора, основание

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 4651

Karlgren code: 0591 l

Jianchuan Bai: -thi4

Dali Bai: -the4

Character: 梢

Modern (Beijing) reading: shāo

Russian meaning[s]: 1) верхушка дерева; макушка; 2) рулевое весло; корма, см. 艄; 3) проигранные деньги; 4) дирижерская палочка

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 3590

Karlgren code: 1149 y

Character: 梓

Modern (Beijing) reading: zǐ

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćǝʔ

Classic Old Chinese: cǝ́

Western Han Chinese: cǝ́

Eastern Han Chinese: cjǝ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: cjɨ́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjɨ́

Late Postclassic Chinese: cjɨ́

Middle Chinese: cjɨ́

English meaning : Catalpa (Catalpa ovata)

Russian meaning[s]: 1) бот. катальпа (Catalpa ovata); 2) резать, гравировать по дереву; 3) плотничать; плотник; 4) родина, место рождения; 5) Цзы (фамилия)

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 2424

Karlgren code: 0965 a

Go-on: si

Kan-on: si

Japanese reading: shi;azusa

Shijing occurrences: 50.1

Character: 梵

Modern (Beijing) reading: fàn

Russian meaning[s]: 1) буддийский; санскрит; Индия; 2) чистый, возвышенный

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 7726

Character: 桿

Modern (Beijing) reading: gān

Russian meaning[s]: см. 杆

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 2364

Character: 桶

Modern (Beijing) reading: tǒng

Preclassic Old Chinese: sl(h)ōŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: (s)l̥ṓŋ

Western Han Chinese: (s)l̥ṓŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: l̥ṓŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: thṓŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: thṓŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: thwṓŋ

Middle Chinese: thúŋ

English meaning : cask, barrel, pail [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: ведро; бочка; бадья, бак

Comments: Also read *l(h)ōŋʔ, MC dúŋ (FQ 徒總) id. Standard Sino-Viet. is thu`ng.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 3638

Karlgren code: 1185 p

Vietnamese reading: thùng

Jianchuan Bai: thü̃3

Dali Bai: thü3

Bijiang Bai: thü2

Character: 梱

Modern (Beijing) reading: kǔn

Russian meaning[s]: порог (у двери)

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 1874

Karlgren code: 0420 e

Character: 梧

Modern (Beijing) reading: wú

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋā

Classic Old Chinese: ŋā

Western Han Chinese: ŋā

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋā

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋō

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋō

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋō

Middle Chinese: ŋo

English meaning : a k. of plane tree (Firmiana plantanifolia)

Russian meaning[s]: бот. дриандра, павлония (Firmiana platanifolia)

Comments: During E. Zhou attested only within the compound 梧桐 *ŋā-lhōŋ; later also attested separately. For *ŋ- cf. Xiamen gɔ², Chaozhou ŋo², Fuzhou ŋu².

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 1222

Karlgren code: 0058 m

Kan-on: go

Japanese reading: gu;go;aogiri;tsukaeru

Character: 梗

Modern (Beijing) reading: gěng

Preclassic Old Chinese: krāŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: krā́ŋ

Western Han Chinese: krā́ŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: krḗŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: kẹ̄́ŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kẹ̄́ŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: kẹ̄́ŋ

Middle Chinese: kạ̈́iŋ

English meaning : suffering

Russian meaning[s]: 1) стебель, ствол (растений); 2) колючий кустарник, колючки; колоть; 3) завалить, закупорить; 4) твердый; упрямый, упорный; 5) суть; в общих чертах; 6) болезнь; 7) прямой; выпрямить, вытянуть; 8) 23-е число (в телеграммах)

Comments: The character is used for several homonymous words: 1) "suffering, ill-being" which is the oldest meaning attested; 2) "to block, wedge up", attested since Late Zhou, and rendered in Sino-Viet. as canh; 3) "bough, stem, stalk; thorn" - attested since Han, and rendered in Sino-Viet. as cành. Other late meanings attested are "hard; stubborn" and "straight, straighten" (possibly derived from the 3d meaning listed above). Viet. also has the words ngánh, ngành 'branch' and ngạnh 'barb (of a spear), fluke' - which are all traditionally written with the character 梗 and may be indeed borrowed from the same source (since Chinese stops may be in a certain layer of borrowings rendered as Viet. nasals). [Note that Viet. tones are quite irregular in all cases; moreover, the regular Sino-Viet. reading cánh has also an irregular tone].

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 6431

Karlgren code: 0745 e

Vietnamese reading: canh

Character: 械

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiè

Russian meaning[s]: 1) оружие; 2) аппарат; приспособления; 3) орудия пытки; кандалы; связать; заковать; 4) интрига; трюк; 5) схема

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 6816

Character: 梃

Modern (Beijing) reading: tǐng

Russian meaning[s]: 1) палка, трость; дубина; прямой; 2) стебель; ветка; 3) штука (о пулеметах)

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 6640

Karlgren code: 0835 j

Character: 棄

Modern (Beijing) reading: qì

Preclassic Old Chinese: khlǝps

Classic Old Chinese: khǝć

Western Han Chinese: khǝś

Eastern Han Chinese: khǝś

Early Postclassic Chinese: khɨś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khɨ̀j

Late Postclassic Chinese: khɨ̀j

Middle Chinese: khjì

English meaning : to throw away, discard, reject, abandon

Russian meaning[s]: 1) бросить, отбросить; оставить, покинуть; отказаться от..., воздержаться от...; 2) упразднить, отменить; 3) забыть; 4) продать

Comments: The character obviously has 葉 *lhap as phonetic, which accounts for the reconstruction of *-l-; this medial can possibly also explain the otherwise strange MC -j- (normally khjì would presuppose an OC form like *khić, but the word 棄 rhymes in *-ǝć in Shijing, the analysis in ROCP 572 being incorrect).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5359

Karlgren code: 0535 a-b

Shijing occurrences: 10.2_

Character: 梭

Modern (Beijing) reading: suō

Preclassic Old Chinese: sōr

Classic Old Chinese: sōn

Western Han Chinese: sōn

Eastern Han Chinese: sōn

Early Postclassic Chinese: sōn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: sōn

Late Postclassic Chinese: sōn

Middle Chinese: swâ

English meaning : shuttle [Nanchao Song]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) челнок (ткацкого станка); 2) ходить, сновать, мелькать

Comments: Viet. thoi is an archaic loanword (with -i for OC *-r); initial th- here perhaps indicates that we should reconstruct OC *shōr. Standard Sino-Viet. is thoa (NB: also with th-).

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 6321

Vietnamese reading: thoi

Character: 梆

Modern (Beijing) reading: bāng

Preclassic Old Chinese: prōŋ

Classic Old Chinese: prōŋ

Western Han Chinese: prōŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: prōŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: pọ̄ŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pọ̄ŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: pọ̄ŋ

Middle Chinese: pạuŋ

English meaning : a wooden beater, mallet [Tang]

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Character: 梅

Modern (Beijing) reading: méi

Preclassic Old Chinese: mǝ̄

Classic Old Chinese: mǝ̄

Western Han Chinese: mǝ̄

Eastern Han Chinese: mǝ̄

Early Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄

Late Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄j

Middle Chinese: moj

English meaning : Japanese apricot (Prunus mume), plum

Russian meaning[s]: 1) слива, чернослив; ягоды (общее понятие); 2) сифилис; 3) см. 霉

Comments: Viet. me has a narrowed meaning 'tamarind' (cf. Chin. 酸梅 'tamarind', lit. 'sour plum'; note, however, that the Viet. word can go back to PAA *ʔǝm-bVl 'tamarind' and the Chin. usage may be secondary - due to a chance resemblance with an independent Austroasiatic root). An older loanword is probably Viet. mo' 'apricot'. The regular Sino-Viet. reading is mai. For *m- cf. Min forms: Xiamen m², Chaozhou bue², Fuzhou muoi², Jianou mo²; Shaowu mei². Cf. PA *i̯úmu.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 4766

Karlgren code: 0947 l

Vietnamese reading: me

Shijing occurrences: 20.1, 20.2, 20.3

Character: 梔

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhī

Russian meaning[s]: 梔子 бот. гардения цветущая (Gardenia florida)

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 7134

Character: 條

Modern (Beijing) reading: tiáo

Preclassic Old Chinese: līw

Classic Old Chinese: līw

Western Han Chinese: ljǝ̄w

Eastern Han Chinese: liǝ̄w

Early Postclassic Chinese: diēw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: diēw

Late Postclassic Chinese: diēw

Middle Chinese: diew

English meaning : be extending branches, extend, long; branch

Russian meaning[s]: 1) ветка, ветвь; отрасль; 2) статья, параграф, пункт; 3) постатейно, по пунктам; по порядку; порядок; 4) записка; 5) полоса; счетный суффикс для имен существительных, обозначающих длинные предметы, продолжительные явления и некоторых животных; 6) Тяо (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 小枝也.從木.攸聲. [249]

Comments: Also used for *līw 'orderly' (Sch.: "perhaps this is the same word: 'neatly branched = spread out'), as well as for *līw '(perhaps) a tree like Mallotus japonicus'; for *slīw, MC thieu 'to pull down branches'. For OC *l (not *lh-) cf. Min forms: Xiamen, Jianou tiau², Chaozhou tiǝu², Fuzhou tieu². Later, more abstract, meanings are: ('branch' > ) 'article, clause, paragraph'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 5256

Karlgren code: 1077 f

Vietnamese reading: d_iều

Shijing occurrences: 10.1, 10.2

Character: 梨

Modern (Beijing) reading: lí

Preclassic Old Chinese: rǝj (~ -ij)

Classic Old Chinese: rǝj

Western Han Chinese: rǝj

Eastern Han Chinese: rǝj

Early Postclassic Chinese: lij

Middle Postclassic Chinese: lij

Late Postclassic Chinese: li

Middle Chinese: li

English meaning : pear [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: груша

Comments: For *r cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou lai², Fuzhou, Jianou li².

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5240

Karlgren code: 0518 h-i

Vietnamese reading: lê

Character: 梟

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiāo

English meaning : perhaps: owl

Russian meaning[s]: 1) сова; 2) сильный; отважный; 3) контрабандист (провозящий соль); 4) отрубить голову; 5) Сяо (фамилия)

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5241

Karlgren code: 1070 m